July, the most intense rainy season had arrived, accompanied by the sweltering midsummer. The simultaneous heat and rain infused the crops in the fields with tremendous vitality. Corn grew rapidly, climbing beans twined upward, and pumpkins spread across the farmland, shielding the weeds from the sun's growth-promoting light.
In the pre-industrial agricultural production, large livestock were not only important sources of power but also the main suppliers of manure. The daily dung output of an adult cow could reach an astonishing 50 kilograms or more. In the well-known grass-field rotation, fallow fields would be planted with forage grasses, which were then fertilized efficiently through grazing by large animals.
