I quickly snapped out of that daydreaming because I have waited for this exam for some hours now. Focus!.....Focus Rosie! as my inner voice speaks up with confident within.
We have eight supervisors in this hall, excluding external supervisors. The external supervisors do give a quiescent visit. As everyone have settled down orderly, the supervisors started giving the question papers out by placing the questions papers faced down for we the students not to see through and this is to enable us start up at the same time.
(SUPERVISOR 1 POV)
'As I said earlier, Search your surroundings for any pieces of paper, It should be disposed immediately if any and there should be no form of cheating because, if you get caught in any form of Malpractice, you will be faced with the panels. lastly, there should be no turning of head sideways and no interaction with colleagues. If there's an issue with any of the questions given, you can notify us your supervisor by raising up your hands'
"A word is enough for the wise" so;
*START!*
(ROSIE 'S POV)
As the supervisor pronounced with aura.
I immediately got a hold of my paper, Then the first thing I did was to pray to God, and also, read the instruction and the questions carefully. The instruction states that "Answer any 4 questions'. Though each questions have the a and b attached to it . But indeed, I was happy and fulfilled because I have the answers to each questions. It was as if I had seen the questions before. So I scan through the questions to pick out the best onesgive answer to.
"AN HOUR LATER"
It's an hour past now, when the ten o'clock gong sounded but indeed, I was already at the fourth questions, the question "a" of it states that "what are the differences between Operant conditioning theory and classical conditioning theory"
As my hands were so moving fast on writing the differences between both theories of learning.
so I wrote on my answer sheet, "The principles of classical conditioning as a theory of learning is originated from the experiment of a Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov who conditioned dogs by establishing connection between the ringing of bell and the provision of available food
while the Operant conditioning theory of learning was greatly expounded and popularized by an American psychologist B.F. Skinner who holds that learning involves three identifiable stages, these he enumerated as the stimulus for the learner task, which the learner is confined with, the behaviour that is elicited or the skill that is learnt and the reinforcement which follows that behaviour".
I went further to elaborate more on the differences as my memory was awakened.
On writing on my paper in a tabular form"In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning involves no such enticements. Also, classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished. operant conditioning to work, the subject must first display a behaviour that can then be either rewarded or punished. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, involves forming an association with some sort of already naturally occurring event's".
Rounding up with the *a" part, I went to the question "b" of it, which states that "What are the main stages of Erikson's psychological theory" so I wrote on my answer sheet; Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory proposes eight stages of development, each with a unique crisis or conflict that individuals must resolve. Here are the main stages:
# 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year)
The first stage focuses on developing trust with caregivers. If needs are met consistently, infants develop trust; otherwise, mistrust develops.
# 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood, 1-3 years)
Toddlers explore independence and assert autonomy. Successful navigation leads to self-confidence, while excessive shame and doubt can hinder development.
# 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Early childhood, 3-6 years)
Children take on responsibilities and initiate activities. Encouragement fosters initiative, while excessive guilt can lead to feelings of inadequacy.
# 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle childhood, 6-12 years)
Children develop skills and competencies. Positive reinforcement promotes industry, while criticism or lack of support can lead to feelings of inferiority.
# 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12-18 years)
Teenagers explore identities and roles. Successful exploration leads to a strong sense of identity, while confusion can result in uncertainty.
# 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood, 18-40 years)
Young adults seek meaningful relationships. Forming intimate connections fosters a sense of belonging, while isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness.
# 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood, 40-65 years)
Adults focus on contributing to society and leaving a lasting impact. Generativity promotes a sense of purpose, while stagnation can lead to feelings of disconnection.
# 8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood, 65+ years)
Older adults reflect on their lives, evaluating accomplishments and experiences. A sense of integrity and fulfillment promotes acceptance, while despair can lead to regret.
Erikson's theory highlights the importance of resolving each stage's crisis to develop a strong sense of self and achieve psychosocial well-being.
Finishing up my the four questions!; I took. A deep breath in relief. Finally, I waited for the supervisors to draw the final curtain in statement, "pens up!"